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Sains Malaysiana 55(6)(2026): 1009-1020
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5506-06
Understanding Diabetic Retinopathy Using Multi-Omics Approaches: A
Narrative Review
(Memahami Retinopati Diabetes Menggunakan Pendekatan Multi-Omik: Satu Ulasan Naratif)
ZHANQING
LUO1, MUHAMMAD ZULFIQAH SADIKAN2,3, FAIDRUZ AZURA JAM3,
RUSDIAH RUZANNA JUSOH3, XIAOHUI TONG4, RONGCHUN HAN5,
MURNI NAZIRA SARIAN1, AHMED MEDIANI1 & HAMIZAH
SHAHIRAH HAMEZAH1,*
1Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak,
Jalan Greentown, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
3Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College
Malaysia (MUCM), Jalan Padang Jambu, Bukit Baru, 75150 Melaka, Malaysia
4School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of
Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
5School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese
Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
Diserahkan: 30 September 2025/Diterima:
15 Mei 2026
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading
causes of vision loss in diabetic patients worldwide. DR is a complex disease
with diverse clinical symptoms ranging from mild nonproliferative stages to severe proliferative stages, and also with significant differences in
response to treatment. This heterogeneity suggests that DR is not a single
disease but rather a series of retinal pathologies involving multiple molecular
mechanisms. Interventions such as anti-VEGF therapy and laser therapy have made
significant progress in recent years, improving patient prognosis. However,
these treatments are still unable to completely stop the disease progression
and vision loss. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to further study the
pathogenesis of DR. In recent years, multi-omics approaches have shown great
potential in showing novel biomarkers and molecular pathways. This review
focuses on integrating findings from three key omics approaches (genomics,
proteomics, and metabolomics) in DR research. We discuss the role of genomics
in understanding genetic susceptibility, the contributions of proteomics to
elucidating inflammation, angiogenesis, and therapeutic target discovery, and
the application of metabolomics in characterizing metabolic disorders and
biomarker screening. Integration of multi-omics data may help elucidate complex
pathological mechanisms and provide insights that support precision medicine
and personalized treatment strategies for DR.
Keywords: Biomarkers; diabetic
retinopathy; genomics; metabolomics; proteomics
Abstrak
Retinopati diabetes (DR) merupakan salah satu punca utama kehilangan penglihatan dalam kalangan pesakit diabetes di seluruh dunia. DR ialah sejenis penyakit kompleks yang disertai dengan pelbagai gejala klinikal, bermula daripada peringkat awal bukan proliferatif yang ringan hingga ke peringkat proliferatif yang teruk, serta menunjukkan perbezaan ketara dalam tindak balas terhadap rawatan. Kepelbagaian ini menunjukkan bahawa DR bukanlah satu penyakit tunggal, tetapi merupakan suatu rangkaian patologi retina yang melibatkan pelbagai mekanisme molekul. Intervensi seperti terapi anti-VEGF dan terapi laser telah mencapai kemajuan yang ketara dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, sekali gus memperbaiki prognosis pesakit. Namun begitu, rawatan ini masih belum mampu menghentikan sepenuhnya perkembangan penyakit dan kehilangan penglihatan. Oleh itu, kajian lanjut mengenai patogenesis DR adalah amat mendesak untuk dilaksanakan. Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, pendekatan multi-omik telah menunjukkan potensi besar dalam mendedahkan penanda biologi dan laluan molekul baharu. Tinjauan ini memfokuskan dan mengintegrasikan penemuan daripada tiga lapisan omik utama (genomik, proteomik dan metabolomik) dalam penyelidikan DR. Ulasan ini membincangkan peranan genomik dalam memahami kerentanan genetik, sumbangan proteomik dalam menjelaskan keradangan,
angiogenesis dan penemuan sasaran terapeutik, serta aplikasi metabolomik dalam mencirikan gangguan metabolik dan saringan penanda biologi. Dengan mengintegrasikan data multi-omik, mekanisme patologi yang kompleks dapat didedahkan dan asas saintifik dapat disediakan bagi pelaksanaan perubatan kepersisan serta rawatan yang diperibadikan untuk penyakit DR.
Kata kunci: Genomik; metabolomik; penanda biologi; proteomik; retinopati diabetes
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: hamizahshahirah@ukm.edu.my
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